使用Sphinx构建Django程序文档

实践案例

在一个Django开发项目virtman中，采用Sphinx-doc来构建项目说明文档。

Django项目目录结构示例：

.
|-- README.md
|-- api
|   |-- admin.py
|   |-- models.py
|   |-- serializers.py
|   |-- signals.py
|   |-- views.py
|-- notify
|   |-- admin.py
|   |-- apps.py
|   |-- models.py
|   |-- views.py
`-- virtman
    |-- urls.py
    |-- views.py

安装

使用virtualenv安装

pip install sphinx

创建docs目录

先进入项目目录，然后执行如下启动命令

sphinx-quickstart

注意 autodoc 的地方一定要选是，其他选默认没什么问题。

Enter the root path for documentation.
> Root path for the documentation [.]: ./docs                                               <= 这里创建docs目录

You have two options for placing the build directory for Sphinx output.
Either, you use a directory "_build" within the root path, or you separate
"source" and "build" directories within the root path.
> Separate source and build directories (y/n) [n]: n

Inside the root directory, two more directories will be created; "_templates"
for custom HTML templates and "_static" for custom stylesheets and other static
files. You can enter another prefix (such as ".") to replace the underscore.
> Name prefix for templates and static dir [_]: _

The project name will occur in several places in the built documentation.
> Project name: virtman
> Author name(s): Huatai Huang

Sphinx has the notion of a "version" and a "release" for the
software. Each version can have multiple releases. For example, for
Python the version is something like 2.5 or 3.0, while the release is
something like 2.5.1 or 3.0a1.  If you don't need this dual structure,
just set both to the same value.
> Project version []: 1.0
> Project release [1.0]: 1.0

If the documents are to be written in a language other than English,
you can select a language here by its language code. Sphinx will then
translate text that it generates into that language.

For a list of supported codes, see
http://sphinx-doc.org/config.html#confval-language.
> Project language [en]: 

The file name suffix for source files. Commonly, this is either ".txt"
or ".rst".  Only files with this suffix are considered documents.
> Source file suffix [.rst]: .rst

One document is special in that it is considered the top node of the
"contents tree", that is, it is the root of the hierarchical structure
of the documents. Normally, this is "index", but if your "index"
document is a custom template, you can also set this to another filename.
> Name of your master document (without suffix) [index]: index

Sphinx can also add configuration for epub output:
> Do you want to use the epub builder (y/n) [n]: n

Please indicate if you want to use one of the following Sphinx extensions:
> autodoc: automatically insert docstrings from modules (y/n) [n]: y                        <= 必选y，从模块创建
> doctest: automatically test code snippets in doctest blocks (y/n) [n]: n
> intersphinx: link between Sphinx documentation of different projects (y/n) [n]: n
> todo: write "todo" entries that can be shown or hidden on build (y/n) [n]: n
> coverage: checks for documentation coverage (y/n) [n]: y
> imgmath: include math, rendered as PNG or SVG images (y/n) [n]: n
> mathjax: include math, rendered in the browser by MathJax (y/n) [n]: n
> ifconfig: conditional inclusion of content based on config values (y/n) [n]: n
> viewcode: include links to the source code of documented Python objects (y/n) [n]: n
> githubpages: create .nojekyll file to publish the document on GitHub pages (y/n) [n]: y

A Makefile and a Windows command file can be generated for you so that you
only have to run e.g. `make html' instead of invoking sphinx-build
directly.
> Create Makefile? (y/n) [y]: y
> Create Windows command file? (y/n) [y]: n

以上操作将在项目目录下创建docs目录，包含conf.py，index.rst和Makefile，以及目录_build，_static和_templates。

创建html文件

进入docs目录。

默认的theme比较简陋，选择 sphinx_rtd_theme 作为基础文档风格

参考 sphinx-navtree
In the Read the Docs theme, the maximum number of visible levels in the navigation pane is currently fixed to 4. Evenif the theme had an option for this, the Sphinx API only supports specifying a single value for the entire tree.
我在撰写文档时发现，确实左边导航栏只能显示4层结构，超过4层无法浏览，有些情况确实很麻烦。搜索发现，在 Read the Docs - Configuration: Theme options 有选项：

html_theme_options = {
  ...
  'navigation_depth': 4,
  ...
}

但是上述设置会导致最后一级展开以后，显示的是最顶层的样子，非常难看。是我设置错误了么？ Show entire toctree in Read The Docs sidebar 有提到:

For depths higher than 4, the sidebar seems to miss-behave. Topics will not properly indent relative to parent topics, for example. – AmiguelS Dec 21 '17 at 11:39

尝试升级

pip install --upgrade pip
pip install --upgrade sphinx_rtd_theme

但是升级以后，依然没有解决问题，请参考github上issue navigation_depth, collapsing, and local vs remote builds

pip install sphinx_rtd_theme

只需要修改 config.py 配置

import sphinx_rtd_theme
html_theme = "sphinx_rtd_theme"
html_theme_path = [sphinx_rtd_theme.get_html_theme_path()]

运行以下命令输出文档

make html

此时还只是一个空的文档。

针对Django配置

假设Django项目目录如下

编辑conf.py文件，在以下行后面

# import os
# import sys
# sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('.'))

下面添加

import os
import sys
import djiango
sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('..'))
os.environ['DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE'] = 'virtman.settings'
django.setup()

这里virtman.settings是项目virtman，其目录下有settings.py配置文件。

这就告诉sphinx去哪里查找项目文件

撰写基本的手工文档

只需要在项目文档中创建目录结构以及*.rst文档源文件。

关键点是在文档中打见目录引用关系，最终目录树会将所有文档的章节拼接成一个整体的目录树：

在docs/index.rst中加入这个目录树的定义：

.. toctree::
   :maxdepth: 3

   usecases/index

   api/models
   api/admin
   api/views

   notify/models
   notify/views

上述index.rst中，每个.rst文件对应都建立一个索引。注意/之前是目录，之后是xxs.rst文件（如models.rst），即如api/models.rst。这样的文件结构是完全和Django项目文件一一对应（需要对哪个.py程序抽取注释就创建对应的目录树定义）。

建立索引文件之后，再按照目录创建和django的project以及app相同的目录结构和对应程序的文档，这样就可以指引Sphinx去抽取对应程序中的类和模块的注释说明。

则目录对应到路径中的文件：

virtman/
  docs/
    index.rst
    usecases/
      index.rst
    api/
      admin.rst
      models.rst
      views.rst
    notify/
      models.rst
      views.rst

这里usercases是用来存放纯手写的用例文档，而 myapp 文件夹里面的内容是要打算在代码中直接抽取的。

绑定 Django 项目并从项目生成代码

我们需要让文档项目的上下文能正确加载 django，就好像我们调用 python manage.py shell 得到的上下文一样。

然后，我们在文档里面就可以通过这样的 reST 指令块来指定抽取，以 api/models.rst 为例：

在docs目录下执行以下命令，先生成文件

mkdir api
touch api/models.rst

编辑api/models.rst来对应于Django项目的api这个应用的models.py程序文件

api.models module
=====================

.. automodule:: api.models
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
    :show-inheritance:

使用了.. automodule指令之后，就可以实现抽取。

再次执行make html

之后就可以在输出目录看到抽取的Python程序中的函数说明文档。

参考

Previous使用Sphinx构建Python程序文档 Nextsphinx中文文档在readthedocs编译PDF失败的处理

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