使用tar包手工安装多重启动的ubuntu

方案概述

服务器已经安装了CentOS操作系统,由于不能满足开发需求,准备将服务器转换成Ubuntu Server 16.04 LTS。但是,远程服务器依然想保留CentOS作为测试使用,所以部署双操作系统多重启动方案。

远程服务器安装和直接可以物理接触的桌面系统不同,不方便从光盘镜像开始从头安装。所以规划如下安装方案:

  • 如果原操作系统占据了整个磁盘,则通过PXE启动到无盘,然后通过resize方法缩小现有文件系统分区(具体方法和文件系统相关)

  • 空出足够安装新Ubuntu操作系统的分区

  • 线下通过kvm或virtualbox这样的全虚拟化安装一个精简的Ubuntu操作系统,然后通过tar打包方式完整备份整个Ubuntu操作系统

  • 将备份的Ubuntu操作系统tar包上传,并解压缩到对应服务器分区

  • 修订CentOS的grub2配置,加入启动Ubuntu的配置

  • 重启操作系统,选择进入Ubuntu

以上方法避免了在服务器上重新安装Ubnntu的步骤,并且可以作为今后快速部署Ubuntu的方案。

实施步骤

准备

  • 检查操作系统分区划分

#fdisk -l /dev/sda
WARNING: fdisk GPT support is currently new, and therefore in an experimental phase. Use at your own discretion.

Disk /dev/sda: 240.1 GB, 240057409536 bytes, 468862128 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disk label type: gpt


#         Start          End    Size  Type            Name
 1         2048         8191      3M  BIOS boot parti 
 2         8192      2105343      1G  EFI System      
 3      2105344    106962943     50G  Microsoft basic 
 4    106962944    111157247      2G  Microsoft basic 
 5    111157248    468860927  170.6G  Microsoft basic
#df -h
Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3        50G  3.2G   44G   7% /
devtmpfs        126G     0  126G   0% /dev
tmpfs           126G  156K  126G   1% /dev/shm
tmpfs           126G  996K  126G   1% /run
tmpfs           126G     0  126G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda2       976M  160M  750M  18% /boot
#cat /etc/fstab 
LABEL=/boot             /boot           ext4            defaults        1 2
LABEL=/         /               ext4            defaults        1 1
LABEL=SWAP             swap            swap            defaults        0 0
...

可以看到当前运行的CentOS操作系统使用了/dev/sda3分区,/dev/sda4分区是swap,而/dev/sda5分区虽然划分,但是实际上未被挂载使用。

所以准备删除掉/dev/sda4(需要swapoff /dev/sda4并注释掉/etc/fstabswap配置行)和/dev/sda5分区,然后再独立创建/dev/sda4分区提供给Ubuntu操作系统使用。

在kvm环境安装Ubuntu系统

virt-install \
  --network bridge:virbr0 \
  --name ubuntu16 \
  --ram=4096 \
  --vcpus=2 \
  --disk path=/var/lib/libvirt/images/ubuntu16.img,size=20 \
  --graphics vnc \
  --cdrom=/var/lib/libvirt/images/ubuntu-16.04.3-server-amd64.iso

<backuphost>为备份服务器的IP地址,已设置ssh密钥登陆,这样可以免密钥登陆

首先确保能够从虚拟机内部登陆到远程服务器<backuphost>

tar -cvpz --one-file-system / | ssh <backuphost> "( cat > ubuntu16_backup.tar.gz )"

使用tar -cvpz --one-file-system备份整个操作系统会跳过/proc/sys等目录

恢复ubuntu分区

  • 登陆到目标需要恢复ubuntu的服务器,首先调整空出/dev/sda4(如上所述)

  • 恢复备份

挂载作为ubuntu恢复分区文件系统

mount /dev/sda4 /media

使用以下命令恢复

sudo tar -xvpzf /root/ubuntu16_backup.tar.gz -C /media --numeric-owner

-C参数告诉tar命令先变更目录到/media再开始解压缩

  • 修订恢复的ubuntu分区中的/etc/fstab,这里实际上是修订/media/etc/fstab,使其能够挂载/dev/sda4分区

首先使用blkid获取分区磁盘信息

blkid

输出类似

...
/dev/sda4: UUID="79140412-5137-45cc-81a5-58a8a7dac4d9" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="a7bfb616-ae18-46a0-9bcc-4207418af8cf" 
...

注意:在/etc/fstab中使用的是UUID(对比了原先的虚拟机中磁盘命名),所以修改/media/etc/fstab如下:

UUID=79140412-5137-45cc-81a5-58a8a7dac4d9 /               ext4    errors=remount-ro 0       1

恢复GRUB

Ubuntu 16.4采用了传统的GRUB,可以直接编辑配置文件/boot/grub/menu.lst,比CentOS 7使用的GRUB 2要简便许多。通过在Ubuntu 16.4中添加CentOS分区中的/boot启动目录下内核,可以在同一个启动菜单中切换不同操作系统。

这里会提示在/etc/default/grub中添加参数,为了能够在串口输出控制台,参考 SerialConsoleHowto

设置串口配置方法和Ubuntu版本有关,获取版本信息的方法是lsb_release -a,可以看到Ubuntu 16.4代码是xenial

  • 增加ubuntu分区的/etc/init/ttyS0.conf(实际修改/media/etc/init/ttyS0.conf) - 针对Karmic和更新版本的方法如下

# ttyS0 - getty
#
# This service maintains a getty on ttyS0 from the point the system is
# started until it is shut down again.

start on stopped rc RUNLEVEL=[12345]
stop on runlevel [!12345]

respawn
exec /sbin/getty -L 115200 ttyS0 vt102

针对Edgy/Feisty/Jaunty需要设置/etc/event.d/ttyS0,而针对Darpper或更古老版本则修改/etc/inittab。这里忽略旧版本设置方法,详细请参考SerialConsoleHowto

  • 要使得系统能够启动,需要恢复grub,这里需要编辑/etc/default/grub(实际配置/media/etc/default/grub

# If you change this file, run 'update-grub' afterwards to update
# /boot/grub/grub.cfg.

GRUB_DEFAULT=0
GRUB_TIMEOUT=1
GRUB_DISTRIBUTOR=`lsb_release -i -s 2> /dev/null || echo Debian`
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="console=tty0 console=ttyS0,115200n8"

# Uncomment to disable graphical terminal (grub-pc only)
GRUB_TERMINAL=serial
GRUB_SERIAL_COMMAND="serial --speed=115200 --unit=0 --word=8 --parity=no --stop=1"

# The resolution used on graphical terminal
# note that you can use only modes which your graphic card supports via VBE
# you can see them in real GRUB with the command `vbeinfo'
#GRUB_GFXMODE=640x480

# Uncomment if you don't want GRUB to pass "root=UUID=xxx" parameter to Linux
#GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_UUID=true
  • 通过chroot方式运行ubuntu的grub配置

sudo -s
for f in dev dev/pts proc sys; do mount --bind /$f /media/$f ; done
chroot /media

注意,这里 mount 需要包含 /sys ,否则在后面 upgrade-grub 会出现大量的 device node not found 报错。参考: How to restore GRUB after restoring Debian from backup?

  • 手工修改/boot/grub/menu.lst设置如下

title           Ubuntu 16.04.3 LTS, kernel 4.10.0-28-generic
root            (hd0)
kernel          /boot/vmlinuz-4.10.0-28-generic root=UUID=b513f893-96ca-494c-8634-0ce8eb7dc135 ro console=tty0 console=ttyS0,115200n8
initrd          /boot/initrd.img-4.10.0-28-generic

title           Ubuntu 16.04.3 LTS, kernel 4.10.0-28-generic (recovery mode)
root            (hd0)
kernel          /boot/vmlinuz-4.10.0-28-generic root=UUID=b513f893-96ca-494c-8634-0ce8eb7dc135 ro  single console=tty0 console=ttyS0,115200n8
initrd          /boot/initrd.img-4.10.0-28-generic

title           CentOS (3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64) 7.2 (Paladin)
root            (hd0)
kernel          /boot/vmlinuz-3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64 root=UUID=96219e3e-c371-47a9-baaf-cc2b1b9f8b33 ro crashkernel=auto console=tty0 console=ttyS1,115200
initrd          /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64.img

最后一项是原CentOS 7搬迁过来的GRUB配置

sudo grub-install /dev/sda
  • 重启系统,通过Ubuntu BRUB菜单验证切换操作系统

异常排查

  • 启动提示error: file /boot/grub/i386-pc/normal.mod' not found.

检查分区

grub rescue> ls                                                                 
(hd0) (hd0,gpt4) (hd0,gpt3) (hd0,gpt2) (hd0,gpt1) (hd1)

grub rescue> set                                                                
cmdpath=(hd0)                                                                   
prefix=(hd0,gpt4)/boot/grub                                                     
root=hd0,gpt4

尝试启动 - 参考 AndersonIncorp/fix.sh

grub rescue> set prefix=(hd0,gpt4)/usr/lib/grub
grub rescue> insmod normal

但是依然报错

grub rescue> insmod normal                                                      
error: file `/usr/lib/grub/i386-pc/normal.mod' not found.

参考 GRUB rescue problem after deleting Ubuntu partition! 尝试检查文件系统分区

grub rescue> ls (hd0,gpt1)                                                      
(hd0,gpt1): Filesystem is unknown.                                              
grub rescue> ls (hd0,gpt2)                                                      
(hd0,gpt2): Filesystem is ext2.                                                 
grub rescue> ls (hd0,gpt3)                                                      
(hd0,gpt3): Filesystem is ext2.                                                 
grub rescue> ls (hd0,gpt4)                                                      
(hd0,gpt4): Filesystem is ext2.

尝试启动grub

grub rescue> set root=(hd0,gpt4)
grub rescue> set prefix=(hd0,gpt4)/usr/lib/grub
grub rescue> insmod normal                                                      
error: file `/boot/grub/i386-pc/normal.mod' not found.

如果错误,则重新设置rootprefix,再次尝试上述步骤

grub rescue> set root=(hd0,gpt3)
grub rescue> set prefix=(hd0,gpt3)/usr/lib/grub
grub rescue> insmod normal

这次成功了!!! 这个(hd0,gpt3)分区是原先CentOS的系统分区

继续按照

grub rescue > normal

检查分区UUID(可以看到UUID确实是CentOS的系统分区)

grub> ls (hd0,gpt3)                                                             
        Partition hd0,gpt3: Filesystem type ext* - Label `/' - Last             
modification time 2018-01-29 06:43:17 Monday, UUID                              
96219e3e-c371-47a9-baaf-cc2b1b9f8b33 - Partition start at 1052672KiB - Total    
size 52428800KiB                                                                
grub>

设置启动内核及root分区UUID

linux /boot/vmlinuz-3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64 root=UUID=96219e3e-c371-47a9-baaf-cc2b1b9f8b33 ro console=tty0 console=ttyS1,115200

但是这里遇到问题,系统始终报告error: file/boot/vmlinuz-3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64' not found.`

尝试了多次,突然想起来,原先系统安装时候,独立了一个/boot分区,位于/dev/sda2而不是这里的UUID=96219e3e-c371-47a9-baaf-cc2b1b9f8b33对应的/dev/sda3

所以重新尝试Ubuntu分区

set root=(hd0,gpt4)
set prefix=(hd0,gpt4)/usr/lib/grub
insmod normal
normal

检查分区UUID

grub> ls (hd0,gpt4)                                                             
        Partition hd0,gpt4: Filesystem type ext* - Last modification time       
2018-01-28 22:46:34 Sunday, UUID 79140412-5137-45cc-81a5-58a8a7dac4d9 -         
Partition start at 53481472KiB - Total size 180949575.5KiB

继续加载

linux /boot/vmlinuz-4.10.0-28-generic root=UUID=79140412-5137-45cc-81a5-58a8a7dac4d9 ro console=tty0 console=ttyS0,115200n8

也是报错

error: file `/boot/vmlinuz-4.10.0-28-generic' not found.

参考 GRUB rescue on legacy BIOS systems

  • 检查所有可用的磁盘分区和文件系统

grub> ls -l
...
error: file `/usr/lib/grub/i386-pc/cpio.mod' not found.                         
error: file `/usr/lib/grub/i386-pc/cbfs.mod' not found.                         
error: file `/usr/lib/grub/i386-pc/btrfs.mod' not found.                        
error: file `/usr/lib/grub/i386-pc/bfs.mod' not found.                          
error: file `/usr/lib/grub/i386-pc/afs.mod' not found.                          
error: file `/usr/lib/grub/i386-pc/affs.mod' not found.                         
No known filesystem detected - Sector size 512B - Total size 234431064KiB       
        Partition hd0,gpt4: Filesystem type ext* - Last modification time       
2018-01-28 22:46:34 Sunday, UUID 79140412-5137-45cc-81a5-58a8a7dac4d9 -         
Partition start at 53481472KiB - Total size 180949575.5KiB                      
        Partition hd0,gpt3: Filesystem type ext* - Label `/' - Last             
modification time 2018-01-29 06:43:17 Monday, UUID                              
96219e3e-c371-47a9-baaf-cc2b1b9f8b33 - Partition start at 1052672KiB - Total    
size 52428800KiB                                                                
        Partition hd0,gpt2: Filesystem type ext* - Label `/boot' - Last         
modification time 2018-01-29 02:34:03 Monday, UUID                              
5f67c5f1-be04-406e-964c-f49f8b8e940c - Partition start at 4096KiB - Total size  
1048576KiB                                                                      
        Partition hd0,gpt1: No known filesystem detected - Partition start at   
1024KiB - Total size 3072KiB                                                    
Device hd1: No known filesystem detected - Sector size 512B - Total size        
390711384KiB
  • 尝试启动

set root=(hd0,4)
linux (hd0,4)/boot/vmlinuz-4.10.0-28-generic root=UUID=b513f893-96ca-494c-8634-0ce8eb7dc135 ro console=tty0 console=ttyS0,115200n8
initrd (hd0,4)/boot/initrd.img-4.10.0-28-generic

依然找不到

  • 发现可以通过指定(hd0,2)包含CentOS /boot分区来启动

grub> set root=(hd0,3)
grub> linux (hd0,2)/vmlinuz-3.10.0-327.ali2014.alios7.x86_64 root=UUID=96219e3e-c371-47a9-baaf-cc2b1b9f8b33 ro console=tty0 console=ttyS1,115200
grub> initrd (hd0,2)/initramfs-3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64.img

然后可以尝试启动CentOS系统了

grub> boot

CentOS启动

CentOS启动

...
[  185.715802] dracut-initqueue[749]: Warning: dracut-initqueue timeout - starting timeout scripts
[  186.221782] dracut-initqueue[749]: Warning: dracut-initqueue timeout - starting timeout scripts
[  186.727769] dracut-initqueue[749]: Warning: dracut-initqueue timeout - starting timeout scripts
[  187.233784] dracut-initqueue[749]: Warning: dracut-initqueue timeoWarning: /dev/disk/by-uuid/96219e3e-c371-47a9-baaf-cc2b1b9f8b33 does not exist

Generating "/run/initramfs/rdsosreport.txt"


Entering emergency mode. Exit the shell to continue.
Type "journalctl" to view system logs.
You might want to save "/run/initramfs/rdsosreport.txt" to a USB stick or /boot
after mounting them and attach it to a bug report.


dracut:/#

重新开始

reboot之后重新开始

检查当前配置:

grub rescue> set                                                                
cmdpath=(hd0)                                                                   
prefix=(hd0,gpt3)/boot/grub                                                     
root=hd0,gpt3
grub rescue> ls                                                                 
(hd0) (hd0,gpt4) (hd0,gpt3) (hd0,gpt2) (hd0,gpt1) (hd1)

加载grub模块

grub rescue> set prefix=(hd0,gpt3)/usr/lib/grub
grub rescue> insmod normal
grub rescue> normal

进入常规模式后,检查设备uuuid

grub> ls -l                                                                     
Device hd0: No known filesystem detected - Sector size 512B - Total size        
234431064KiB                                                                    
        Partition hd0,gpt4: Filesystem type ext* - Last modification time       
2018-01-28 22:46:34 Sunday, UUID 79140412-5137-45cc-81a5-58a8a7dac4d9 -         
Partition start at 53481472KiB - Total size 180949575.5KiB                      
        Partition hd0,gpt3: Filesystem type ext* - Label `/' - Last             
modification time 2018-01-29 06:43:17 Monday, UUID                              
96219e3e-c371-47a9-baaf-cc2b1b9f8b33 - Partition start at 1052672KiB - Total    
size 52428800KiB                                                                
        Partition hd0,gpt2: Filesystem type ext* - Label `/boot' - Last         
modification time 2018-01-29 02:34:03 Monday, UUID                              
5f67c5f1-be04-406e-964c-f49f8b8e940c - Partition start at 4096KiB - Total size  
1048576KiB                                                                      
        Partition hd0,gpt1: No known filesystem detected - Partition start at   
1024KiB - Total size 3072KiB                                                    
Device hd1: No known filesystem detected - Sector size 512B - Total size        
390711384KiB
grub> linux (hd0,2)/vmlinuz-3.10.0-327.ali2014.alios7.x86_64 root=/dev/sda3 ro console=tty0 console=ttyS1,115200
grub> initrd (hd0,2)/initramfs-3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64.img

不知道为何Ubuntu使用的是 ttyS1,而不是ttyS0。如果设置了ttyS0反而无法显示输出信息

参考

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