实践证明,通过合理的存储结构,例如使用哈希方法创建合理子目录结构,文件系统是可以存放海量文件并且性能不会损失太大。如果在单个目录层次下存放数万文件,会导致目录无法存放新文件,并且无法使用ls
等命令维护。在编写程序时,需要考虑实际生产环境,才能开发出真实可靠的软件!
FAT32:
Maximum number of files: 268,173,300
Maximum number of files per directory: 216 - 1 (65,535)
Maximum file size: 2 GiB - 1 without LFS, 4 GiB - 1 with
NTFS:
Maximum number of files: 232 - 1 (4,294,967,295)
Maximum file size
Implementation: 244 - 26 bytes (16 TiB - 64 KiB)
Theoretical: 264 - 26 bytes (16 EiB - 64 KiB)
Maximum volume size
Implementation: 232 - 1 clusters (256 TiB - 64 KiB)
Theoretical: 264 - 1 clusters
ext2:
Maximum number of files: 1018
Maximum number of files per directory: ~1.3 × 1020 (performance issues past 10,000)
Maximum file size
16 GiB (block size of 1 KiB)
256 GiB (block size of 2 KiB)
2 TiB (block size of 4 KiB)
2 TiB (block size of 8 KiB)
Maximum volume size
4 TiB (block size of 1 KiB)
8 TiB (block size of 2 KiB)
16 TiB (block size of 4 KiB)
32 TiB (block size of 8 KiB)
ext3:
Maximum number of files: min(volumeSize / 213, numberOfBlocks)
Maximum file size: same as ext2
Maximum volume size: same as ext2
ext4:
Maximum number of files: 232 - 1 (4,294,967,295)
Maximum number of files per directory: unlimited
Maximum file size: 244 - 1 bytes (16 TiB - 1)
Maximum volume size: 248 - 1 bytes (256 TiB - 1)
sudo tune2fs -l /dev/sda8
sudo tune2fs -m 0 /dev/sda8